Eli Ben-Sasson, Iddo Bentov, Yinon Horesh, and Michael Riabzev. “Scalable, transparent, and post-quantum secure computational integrity.” Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2018/046, 2018.

Introduced the STARK (Scalable Transparent ARgument of Knowledge) proof system. STARKs achieve: (1) transparency — no trusted setup; the verifier’s randomness is public and the reference string is a random oracle; (2) post-quantum security — security relies only on collision-resistant hash functions; (3) scalability — prover runs in quasi-linear time $O(T\log T)$ for a computation of size $T$; proof size is $O({\log }^{2}T)$. The core technical tool is FRI (Fast Reed-Solomon IOP of Proximity), a protocol for proximity testing to Reed-Solomon codes that yields an efficient polynomial commitment without a trusted setup.